By Theuns Jacobs
Our humanity is corrupted when we abuse power; our humanity is diminished when we are rendered powerless. [1] Daniel Migliore
The phenomenon of patronage has become a hot topic. Locally, the State Capture Report unleashed stormy weather in the South African political arena.[2] In it, allegations of what many suspect are put forward — that perhaps the organs of state have been captured by outside forces whose sole aim is to make immense profits out of the very institution meant to serve all South Africans. It invokes the nightmare of a deep-lying, and secretive, corruption in the very offices that should be most trustworthy. Globally, the American election cycle pushed the topic of the intersection between patronage and presidential candidates to an international audience. Some estimates put the total costs of the 2016 presidential campaign at $5 billion![3] Although this funding comes from donations large and small, there is a growing unease at the huge amounts given by the financial elite and their proxies (such as lobbyists). Surely the elite expect something for such vast investments in their preferred candidates. Maybe good governance is being circumvented as rich donors demand preferential treatment and favours for their donations.
Patronage is hardly a new phenomenon.[4] For long periods of time it was the way things were done. In the absence of sophisticated bureaucracies, rulers held power by means of patronage. Here is how it works: a person of great means gives tangible resources to a person of lesser means. Resources may be money or a position in government or business. This exchange of resources occurs because of an exclusive personal relationship between the giver (called the patron) and the recipient (called the client). Because of these favours the client is bound to the patron. The client is under an immense obligation to show loyalty to his or her patron. Mostly this loyalty is expressed by advancing the personal interest of the patron among a wider network of people. This consolidates political power in the hands of the patron. Clients are often appointed into high positions and told what to do in order to serve the personal interest of the patron. Patronage tends to flourish in environments where there are great discrepancies between the rich and the rest of the population, as well as in environments where social conventions tend to elevate personal relationships (such as kinship) above the rule of law. South Africa is an excellent environment for patronage to flourish in.
In the Ancient World, the Roman Empire came to embody the social power of patronage. The Roman Empire, and office of the Emperor, converged as one entity. The Emperor was the Empire. There was virtually no governance through bureaucracy. Rather, the Emperor personally appointed officials into positions of power. These officials (and client kings) served the personal interest of the Emperor, and were personally responsible to him. Here, Herod the Great is a prime example of a client ruler. The Romans appointed Herod the Great as tetrarch over the Jewish people because they did not trust the ambitions of the actual Jewish royalty. Because Herod was given this position (which he would not have received otherwise), he was under an immense obligation to serve the personal interest of his Roman patrons. Herod proved to be brutal, savvy and irrepressible within the confines of patronage, and became one of the great client-kings of the Ancient World. He managed to shift his loyalty across four Roman patrons during the Roman Civil War, and became fabulously rich and powerful. Naturally, the highest priority for Herod was to serve the interests of his Roman patrons, not the well-being of his Jewish subjects — and he soon became one of the most despised kings in Jewish history.
Which brings us back to the importance of the recent State Capture Report. If it’s true that the office of the presidency (and some of the other ministers) has been co-opted by a third party by means of the exchange of money or favours, then these organs of state do not serve the interests of the people of South Africa, but the interests of a few powerful people. Patronage in such a case might start with some reciprocal political favours, but easily spiral into corruption. This is despicable in modern political systems. The state exists to serve the people, not the president. On face value then, the expectation is that the New Testament would condemn patronage in the most severe terms. Surely patronage is a form of injustice.
As usual, the Bible answers the issue in a deeper, and far more profound, manner. Here is the headline: patronage might be a social custom that is easily abused, but the real problem is our relationship with power. Consider the following passage from the Gospel of Luke:
Then a dispute also arose among them about who should be considered the greatest. But He said to them, “The kings of the Gentiles dominate them, and those who have authority over them are called ‘Benefactors.’ But it must not be like that among you. On the contrary, whoever is greatest among you must become like the youngest, and whoever leads, like the one serving. For who is greater, the one at the table or the one serving? Isn’t it the one at the table? But I am among you as the One who serves. You are the ones who stood by Me in My trials. I bestow on you a kingdom, just as My Father bestowed one on Me, so that you may eat and drink at My table in My kingdom. And you will sit on thrones judging the 12 tribes of Israel. (Luke 22:24–30, HCSB)
The language in the passage is strikingly one of patronage! The apostles argue about who should be considered the greatest. Jesus compares their jostling to the bitter competition among the elite of the world. Rather, the apostles are to follow the example of “the One who serves”. Jesus proceeds to explain the basis of this command to serve. This moral weight of service is based on the theological truth that God the Patron bestows the Kingdom unto the Son, who, in His turn, bestows this Kingdom to His followers. His followers are given illustrious positions and vast resources they would not have otherwise. They eat and drink at the table of the King. They are given thrones. They turn out to be the recipients of the patronage of God! Indeed, we all become clients of God the Patron. Therefore, the moral imperative to respond to the Great Patron rests upon us all. Luke then makes clear that we respond to the patronage of God in a surprising manner. God is honoured not by the acquisition of more power. All power resides within Him already. Rather, God the Patron is honoured when we serve other people in His name. We must follow the example of Jesus as “the One who serves”. The Great Patron is not like earthly patrons. Where earthly patrons “dominate” and abuse their positions of power, the One who has true Power is also the One who serves. The value-set of God is vastly different from “the kings of the Gentiles”.
It appears that Luke approves of a form of patronage. The question is why? Three reasons spring to mind. Perhaps, in the first place, patronage is more inherent to the human condition than many would like to admit. Resources tend to follow relationship. And we are very relational beings. Consider this: patronage might be frowned upon in modern democracies, but no one frowns upon networking in the same democracies. Is networking not a basic form of patronage? Patronage is more lasting, and subtler than we realise. Rather, Luke does not simply advocate the abolishment of patronage, but subverts it in unexpected ways. This brings us to the second reason: The usual point of patronage is to secure power in the hands of the privileged few. The aim of patronage is primarily to acquire even more power, not to distribute resources to those who have less. In the process, patrons become more powerful because of their networks of clients. “The kings of the Gentiles dominate them, and those who have authority over them are called ‘Benefactors.’” And this is exactly the issue then. The actual issue that Luke identifies is power, and especially the use of power in a political sense. A network of patrons and clients often leads to a toxic environment of power and the abuse of such power. But the acquisition and dispensation of power is hardly something we can avoid. This brings us to the last, and perhaps most important, point. Patronage is but a social convention that is employed by Luke to illustrate something of the grace of God. God, the true High Power, bestows an everlasting Kingdom on the least worthy. We inherited thrones we do not deserve. We take a seat at a table at which we do not belong. Patronage — exactly because it is so suited to the acquisition of power — reveals more of the moral compass of the actual patron than the convention itself. In the hands of God, patronage becomes a tool for grace. In the hands of the “Gentile kings”, patronage becomes a tool for domination.
Here, the Gospel of Luke and the example of Jesus stand in stark contrast to the “kings of the Gentiles”. Halvor Moxnes[5] argues that Luke is making a profound argument in his Gospel on the connection between patronage and the use of resources. Instead of merely denouncing patronage as a social evil, Luke inverts the custom and makes an astounding argument of the use of resources in the light of the revelation of the Kingdom of God. The argument goes like this:
God is the True Patron. All resources belong to Him. He gives to human beings whatever resources they have.
Those who have more than they need (whether they are rich, or merely have surplus) received what they have because of the patronage of God. They are the clients of God. They are under an obligation to serve the personal interests of the Great Patron.
Those in need are also clients of God. They may not have surplus — or even enough to live on — but the Kingdom is also bestowed on them. They are the personal interest of God.
Those with surplus must serve the needy. They give to the needy not because it offers an opportunity to become more powerful, but because they are serving the interests of God.
Those who are recipients of such help should not give power and allegiance to the powerful, but rather they are to worship God — who has provided for them through His servants.
Therefore, the patronage of God undercuts human power relationships. Power becomes a platform for service and not for self-interest. This holds serious ethical implications, and a drastic change of lifestyle, for those who have and those who have not. To those with surplus, a lifestyle of service is a given in the Kingdom. Power and resources are not granted by the Patron to self-aggrandise, but because they afford them the opportunity to follow the example of the One who serves. By serving they become like Jesus. For those who do not have, a life of dignity is imperative. They are not to be co-opted into the power struggles of those who have. They are not pawns in the power games of people. They too have a Patron. They too may receive the Kingdom. They too may take a seat at the table. Serving them reflects their true status in the Kingdom to come.
Now, to be clear: it is not argued here that patronage ought to be condoned in a democracy. It is not supposed here that patronage is some ideal custom. Rather, it is argued that doing away with patronage is not enough. It will not solve the actual problem. The problem is not a social convention per se (however prone it is to abuse). The root problem is the type of relationship political leaders have with power. Any political system, and social custom, can be abused in order to place undue power in the hands of the few. Jesus forces us to reconsider the purpose of power. Resources and power ought to be used to develop a life of dignity for all. Political leaders must be held accountable for the manner of their service to the people of a nation. But then, the Sword of the Word cuts both ways. It is easy to give parting shots to political leaders without asking the same questions of business, church and other civic entities. All believers need to ask themselves the same tough questions concerning their aim in using the resources God has bestowed upon them. The Great Patron hears the cries of the poor.
[1] Migliore, DL 2008. The Power of God and the gods of Power. Louisville: Westminster John Knox
[2] http://www.groundup.org.za/article/simple-explanation-state-capture-report
[3] http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/03/daily-chart-1
[4] Good reading material concerning patronage in Biblical times: DeSilva, DA 2000. Honor, Patronage and Purity: Unlocking New Testament Culture. Downers Grove: IVP.
[5] Moxnes, H 1988. The Economy of the Kingdom: Social Conflict and Economic Relations in Luke`s Gospel. Philadelphia: Fortress.